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Spent catalysts: Precious metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium can be recovered and reused, reducing the need for new mining. Catalyst supports (like alumina or silica) can often be regenerated or recycled.
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E-waste: Valuable metals such as gold, silver, copper, and rare earth elements can be extracted and recycled. Plastics and glass components can also be reclaimed and reused in manufacturing.
Recycling these materials reduces environmental impact and conserves finite natural resources.
